Extrapolation-Based Scale Effect Model for Granular Heap Modulus

The numerical analysis was used to predict the rockfill dam displacement, and model parameters were calibrated using triaxial experiments on scale-down samples. Due scale effect of material, displacements usually underestimated in design phase. This study focused material an extrapolation proposed extrapolate prototype modulus from laboratory modulus. By conducting confined compression experiments, size investigated ball heaps. Based experimental findings, considering a granular heap as cumulative particle structure, structural mechanics approach introduced establish model. Then, boundary constrain speculated elastic analysis. heaps, variation with breakage established consequently. Finally, via combining effects size, constrain, breakage, for extrapolating evaluated through actual dam. results revealed that compressive decreased initial void ratio increased; under same ratio, specimen width increased. showed prediction accuracy displacement improved by 8%–10%. represents new investigating which could be adopted engineers improve displacement.